Munṣarif: زَيْدٌ — زَيْدًا — بِزَيْدٍ.
ʿAdl + proper name: عُمَرُ — عُمَرَ — بِعُمَرَ.
Adjective + verb pattern: أَسْوَدُ — أَسْوَدَ — بِأَسْوَدَ (without al- or iḍāfa).
Nominative may show ḍamma, accusative fatḥa, while genitive of an ordinary diptote is marked with fatḥa.
«بِعُمَرَ» is grammatically genitive, despite the visible fatḥa.
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Causes of Diptote Status — ʿAdl and Waṣf
Munṣarif: زَيْدٌ — زَيْدًا — بِزَيْدٍ.
ʿAdl + proper name: عُمَرُ — عُمَرَ — بِعُمَرَ.
Adjective + verb pattern: أَسْوَدُ — أَسْوَدَ — بِأَسْوَدَ (without al- or iḍāfa).
Nominative may show ḍamma, accusative fatḥa, while genitive of an ordinary diptote is marked with fatḥa.
«بِعُمَرَ» is grammatically genitive, despite the visible fatḥa.