جَاءَتْ زَيْنَبُ — Zaynab came. جَاءَتْ is past tense with the feminine tāʾ; زَيْنَبُ is the nominative subject with ḍamma.
رَأَيْتُ زَيْنَبَ — I saw Zaynab. The verb includes its subject suffix; زَيْنَبَ is the accusative object with fatḥa.
مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْنَبَ — I passed by Zaynab. بِ governs genitive case; زَيْنَبَ is genitive with fatḥa because it is a diptote.
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Causes of Diptote Status — Femininity and Its Conditions
جَاءَتْ زَيْنَبُ — Zaynab came. جَاءَتْ is past tense with the feminine tāʾ; زَيْنَبُ is the nominative subject with ḍamma.
رَأَيْتُ زَيْنَبَ — I saw Zaynab. The verb includes its subject suffix; زَيْنَبَ is the accusative object with fatḥa.
مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْنَبَ — I passed by Zaynab. بِ governs genitive case; زَيْنَبَ is genitive with fatḥa because it is a diptote.