مَرَرْتُ بِعُمَرَ — I passed by ʿUmar.
مَرَرْتُ: past-tense verb with «تُ» as subject.
بِـ: preposition (ḥarf jarr).
عُمَرَ: genitive noun, governed by «بِـ», marked by fatḥa in place of kasra because it is a diptote.
The crucial point: genitive is a syntactic case; its visible sign is not always kasra.
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Noun Case Classes: Type 3 — Diptote (Ghayr Munṣarif)
مَرَرْتُ بِعُمَرَ — I passed by ʿUmar.
مَرَرْتُ: past-tense verb with «تُ» as subject.
بِـ: preposition (ḥarf jarr).
عُمَرَ: genitive noun, governed by «بِـ», marked by fatḥa in place of kasra because it is a diptote.
The crucial point: genitive is a syntactic case; its visible sign is not always kasra.