رَأَيْتُ عُمَرَ — «عُمَرَ» is the object and therefore accusative.
مَرَرْتُ بِعُمَرَ — «عُمَرَ» follows the preposition «بِـ» and therefore is genitive.
Method: Identify the governor and syntactic function first. The final fatḥa is identical, but the grammatical explanation is different.
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Noun Case Classes: Type 3 — Diptote (Ghayr Munṣarif)
رَأَيْتُ عُمَرَ — «عُمَرَ» is the object and therefore accusative.
مَرَرْتُ بِعُمَرَ — «عُمَرَ» follows the preposition «بِـ» and therefore is genitive.
Method: Identify the governor and syntactic function first. The final fatḥa is identical, but the grammatical explanation is different.