ضَرَبَ خَالِدٌ زَيْدًا
Translation: Khālid struck Zayd.
ضَرَبَ: active past verb; خَالِدٌ: nominative subject; زَيْدًا: accusative object.
ضُرِبَ زَيْدٌ
Translation: Zayd was struck.
ضُرِبَ: passive past verb; زَيْدٌ: nominative passive subject.
The doer is not named in the passive example. Zayd is not an active subject but a nāʾib al-fāʿil.
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Subject Rules: Order, Ellipsis and Passive Promotion
ضَرَبَ خَالِدٌ زَيْدًا
Translation: Khālid struck Zayd.
ضَرَبَ: active past verb; خَالِدٌ: nominative subject; زَيْدًا: accusative object.
ضُرِبَ زَيْدٌ
Translation: Zayd was struck.
ضُرِبَ: passive past verb; زَيْدٌ: nominative passive subject.
The doer is not named in the passive example. Zayd is not an active subject but a nāʾib al-fāʿil.