1. Identify the verb and whether it is active or passive.
2. With an active verb, locate its subject and object.
3. Use visible case endings when present; otherwise seek a clear clue.
4. When confusion would remain, follow the book’s rule requiring the subject to precede the object.
5. If elements are omitted, recover only what the discourse actually warrants.
No single shortcut works for every example: morphology, syntax, meaning, and discourse must be coordinated.
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Subject Rules: Order, Ellipsis and Passive Promotion
1. Identify the verb and whether it is active or passive.
2. With an active verb, locate its subject and object.
3. Use visible case endings when present; otherwise seek a clear clue.
4. When confusion would remain, follow the book’s rule requiring the subject to precede the object.
5. If elements are omitted, recover only what the discourse actually warrants.
No single shortcut works for every example: morphology, syntax, meaning, and discourse must be coordinated.