1. The ending of a declinable noun is governed by changing grammatical factors.
2. زَيْدٌ، زَيْدًا، زَيْدٍ demonstrate visible case endings.
3. In مُوسَىٰ, ḍamma, fatḥa, and kasra are estimated because the final alif maqṣūra cannot show them.
4. The governor is not the same thing as the case sign.
5. Estimated case is different from indeclinability.
Self-check
What is the case of «مُوسَىٰ» in «رَأَيْتُ مُوسَىٰ»?
Answer: accusative direct object, with an estimated fatḥa.
Next lesson begins the book's next section, «أَصْنَافُ إِعْرَابِ الِاسْمِ».