● Teacher reads, student listens: samāʿ wa-taḥdīth.
● Student reads, teacher listens: qirāʾah ʿalā al-shaykh.
● The shaykh authorizes transmission: ijāzah.
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Who Reads and Who Listens?
Three Basic Methods of Receiving Hadith
● Teacher reads, student listens: samāʿ wa-taḥdīth.
● Student reads, teacher listens: qirāʾah ʿalā al-shaykh.
● The shaykh authorizes transmission: ijāzah.