In ʿarḍ, also called reading to the teacher, the pupil recites a hadith in his teacher's presence, and the teacher hears, verifies, or corrects it. A student may also participate in a reading conducted by another qualified reader. The teacher must be in a position to recognize the material and confirm its accuracy; bare physical presence is not always sufficient.
“Qaraʾtu ʿalayhi”
“I read it to him.”
This directly describes a setting in which the narrator himself recited the text. In ordinary direct samāʿ, the teacher speaks; in ʿarḍ, the pupil or designated reader speaks. The modes should not be merged solely because both involve hearing.