Two forms of ʿarḍ must be kept distinct:
1. “Qaraʾtu ʿalayhi”: I personally read the report to the teacher.
2. “Quriʾa ʿalayhi wa-anā asmaʿ”: Someone read to him while I listened.
The first identifies the narrator as the reciter. The second identifies him as a participating listener during another person's reading. Neither phrase automatically means the teacher himself recited the report.
Example: Bilāl reads the book and his teacher corrects it; Khālid is present and listens. Bilāl may use the first formula; Khālid must describe his role with the second rather than claim that he himself read or that the teacher was the reciter.