Where Does the Attribution End?

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• “إِنَّمَا الأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ” is attributed to the Prophet ﷺ. What is this attribution called?
• The words after “وَكَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ يَقُولُ” are a statement of Ibn ʿUmar. What is this attribution called?
• “إِنَّ هَذَا الْعِلْمَ دِينٌ ...” is attributed to Muḥammad ibn Sīrīn, a Successor. What is this attribution called?
• What should you look for when identifying a saying, action, or tacit approval as mawqūf?
• If a report is called marfūʿ, that word alone also proves its authenticity.