Analogy: attempting to transfer a judgment between particulars through a common cause.
Co-variation: examining whether a feature and judgment accompany each other in presence and absence.
Examination and division: listing plausible causes, testing them, and excluding those unfit.
Recognizing resemblance is a starting point, not a completed proof. A credible analogy must explain why the selected shared feature is relevant to the judgment.
The next section introduces proof by contradiction (qiyās al-khalf), which tests the denial of a proposition and derives an inconsistency.