Compare the full meaning of each pair:
1. Every human is living / At least one human is not living — contradictories.
2. Every horse is living / Some living things are not horses — not contradictories; subject scope differs.
3. Amr is in the mosque / Amr is not at home — compatible.
4. At least one student is present / No student is present — contradictories.
Always identify the subject's scope, relevant relation, and exact denial.
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Further exercise: look-alike propositions
Contradiction and the Eight Conditions
Compare the full meaning of each pair:
1. Every human is living / At least one human is not living — contradictories.
2. Every horse is living / Some living things are not horses — not contradictories; subject scope differs.
3. Amr is in the mosque / Amr is not at home — compatible.
4. At least one student is present / No student is present — contradictories.
Always identify the subject's scope, relevant relation, and exact denial.