Consider the inference:
Minor premise: This animal has four legs.
Major premise: Every four-legged animal is a horse.
Conclusion: This animal is a horse.
The syllogistic form can be represented as valid, but the major premise is false: many non-horses have four legs. This is therefore not a sound demonstration, still less a limmī one.
Separate three questions: valid form, certain and true premises, and the middle term's causal role.
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Demonstration Through Causes and Effects: Limmī and Innī
Consider the inference:
Minor premise: This animal has four legs.
Major premise: Every four-legged animal is a horse.
Conclusion: This animal is a horse.
The syllogistic form can be represented as valid, but the major premise is false: many non-horses have four legs. This is therefore not a sound demonstration, still less a limmī one.
Separate three questions: valid form, certain and true premises, and the middle term's causal role.