Error 1: Every argument containing “because” is limmī. “Because” may introduce evidence rather than a real cause.
Error 2: Every guess from an effect to a cause is certain innī demonstration. Effects often have several possible causes, and premises must be warranted.
Error 3: A true conclusion automatically makes an inference demonstrative. Accidental truth does not repair false premises or invalid reasoning.
Error 4: Limmī and innī differ by the number of premises. Their central difference is the real causal status of the middle term.