If “animal” and “white” stood in absolute inclusion, all instances of one would belong to the other. But:
A dark horse is an animal, not white.
Snow is white, not an animal.
The first defeats “every animal is white”; the second defeats “everything white is an animal.” Yet a white duck falls under both, so the concepts are not disjoint either.
The three observations together establish partial overlap. A single particular example cannot establish the full universal relationship.
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Four Relations Between Universals and Relative Particularity
If “animal” and “white” stood in absolute inclusion, all instances of one would belong to the other. But:
A dark horse is an animal, not white.
Snow is white, not an animal.
The first defeats “every animal is white”; the second defeats “everything white is an animal.” Yet a white duck falls under both, so the concepts are not disjoint either.
The three observations together establish partial overlap. A single particular example cannot establish the full universal relationship.