LessonsFour Relations Between Universals and Relative ParticularityQuiz

فإما أن يصدق كل منهما على ما يصدق عليه الآخر فهما متساويان، كالإنسان والناطق؛
If each universal is predicable of everything of which the other is predicable, they are equal, as with human and rational.

Equality requires predication in both directions:
Every human is rational.
Every rational being, in the textbook's intended classification, is human.

Here rational (nāṭiq) signifies possession of the rational faculty, not merely the ability to utter sounds. A silent human remains rational, whereas a parrot that imitates words is not thereby rational in this technical sense.

Opening interactive controls...

Equality: the source definition

Four Relations Between Universals and Relative Particularity

فإما أن يصدق كل منهما على ما يصدق عليه الآخر فهما متساويان، كالإنسان والناطق؛
If each universal is predicable of everything of which the other is predicable, they are equal, as with human and rational.

Equality requires predication in both directions:
Every human is rational.
Every rational being, in the textbook's intended classification, is human.

Here rational (nāṭiq) signifies possession of the rational faculty, not merely the ability to utter sounds. A silent human remains rational, whereas a parrot that imitates words is not thereby rational in this technical sense.