Observing ten heated metals expand does not by itself prove a universal law. In contrast, if every A is B and every B is C, every A must be C. The second pattern has deductive necessity conditional on its premises. This comparison helps clarify the book’s treatment of induction.
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Observation versus deductive entailment
Induction and Analogy — Istiqra and Tamthil
Observing ten heated metals expand does not by itself prove a universal law. In contrast, if every A is B and every B is C, every A must be C. The second pattern has deductive necessity conditional on its premises. This comparison helps clarify the book’s treatment of induction.