LessonsThe Fourth Figure: Productive Conditions, Moods and ProofsQuiz

“Some humans are teachers” and “Some teachers are human” are legitimate particular-affirmative converses. But “Some humans are not teachers” does not entail “Some teachers are not human.”

The first pair follows the valid conversion of a particular affirmative. A particular negative cannot be converted in this way.

When a fourth-figure table displays a particular negative, its subject and predicate must not be reversed without a separate valid argument.

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Checking the direction of a tabulated conclusion

The Fourth Figure: Productive Conditions, Moods and Proofs

“Some humans are teachers” and “Some teachers are human” are legitimate particular-affirmative converses. But “Some humans are not teachers” does not entail “Some teachers are not human.”

The first pair follows the valid conversion of a particular affirmative. A particular negative cannot be converted in this way.

When a fourth-figure table displays a particular negative, its subject and predicate must not be reversed without a separate valid argument.