LessonsThe Second Figure: Conditions of Validity and Four Productive MoodsQuiz

ونتيجة هذا الشكل لا يكون إلا سالبة.
The conclusion of this figure can only be negative.

One premise affirms and the other denies a relation to the middle. If all minor instances fall in the middle while all major instances fall outside it, minor and major are distinct. The same separation follows when the minor is outside the middle and the major is wholly inside it.

Thus every valid second-figure conclusion denies a relation. It may be universal or particular, depending on the minor premise, but its quality is negative.

Opening interactive controls...

Why every conclusion is negative

The Second Figure: Conditions of Validity and Four Productive Moods

ونتيجة هذا الشكل لا يكون إلا سالبة.
The conclusion of this figure can only be negative.

One premise affirms and the other denies a relation to the middle. If all minor instances fall in the middle while all major instances fall outside it, minor and major are distinct. The same separation follows when the minor is outside the middle and the major is wholly inside it.

Thus every valid second-figure conclusion denies a relation. It may be universal or particular, depending on the minor premise, but its quality is negative.