A formally valid pattern does not guarantee a true conclusion when its premises are false. Example:
If every bird is a fish, a sparrow is a fish.
Every bird is a fish.
Therefore a sparrow is a fish.
The inference has a valid form, but a premise is false. Validity and soundness are different assessments.
Opening interactive controls...
The conditional premise itself needs scrutiny
Types of Qiyas: Istithna’i and Iqtirani
A formally valid pattern does not guarantee a true conclusion when its premises are false. Example:
If every bird is a fish, a sparrow is a fish.
Every bird is a fish.
Therefore a sparrow is a fish.
The inference has a valid form, but a premise is false. Validity and soundness are different assessments.