The author starts with alif, hamzah and hāʾ. Alif of madd is characterized by extension. Hamzah combines jahr and shiddah, while hāʾ is hams with rikhāwah.
Listen to ءَ (distinct onset), هَ (breathy flow) and the lengthening alif in قَالَ. Their similarity as written symbols or nearby phonation must not erase their different identities.
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How alif, hamzah and hāʾ differ
Letter-by-Letter Qualities and Distinguishing Features
The author starts with alif, hamzah and hāʾ. Alif of madd is characterized by extension. Hamzah combines jahr and shiddah, while hāʾ is hams with rikhāwah.
Listen to ءَ (distinct onset), هَ (breathy flow) and the lengthening alif in قَالَ. Their similarity as written symbols or nearby phonation must not erase their different identities.