The recurring labels group sound qualities by breath (jahr/hams), obstruction or flow (shiddah/tawassuṭ/rikhāwah), tongue height (istiʿlāʾ/istifāl) and contact (iṭbāq/infitāḥ). Some letters also have special properties such as qalqalah, ṣafīr, tafashshī, takrīr, istiṭālah, ghunnah, madd or līn.
For example, both ب and ت are stops, yet one is voiced (jahr) and the other breathy (hams). Learn combinations, not just disconnected definitions.
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How to read the qualities chart
Letter-by-Letter Qualities and Distinguishing Features
The recurring labels group sound qualities by breath (jahr/hams), obstruction or flow (shiddah/tawassuṭ/rikhāwah), tongue height (istiʿlāʾ/istifāl) and contact (iṭbāq/infitāḥ). Some letters also have special properties such as qalqalah, ṣafīr, tafashshī, takrīr, istiṭālah, ghunnah, madd or līn.
For example, both ب and ت are stops, yet one is voiced (jahr) and the other breathy (hams). Learn combinations, not just disconnected definitions.