ا: the chart connects alif of lengthening with jahr, rikhāwah, low tongue and openness; its length and colour need careful attention. Alif is not the same as ء.
ب: jahr, shiddah, istifāl, infitāḥ, qalqalah. ت: hams, shiddah, istifāl, infitāḥ. ث: hams, rikhāwah, istifāl, infitāḥ. Compare a complete closure in tāʾ with the continuing air passage in thāʾ.
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Chart entries 1–4: alif, bāʾ, tāʾ, thāʾ
Letter-by-Letter Qualities and Distinguishing Features
ا: the chart connects alif of lengthening with jahr, rikhāwah, low tongue and openness; its length and colour need careful attention. Alif is not the same as ء.
ب: jahr, shiddah, istifāl, infitāḥ, qalqalah. ت: hams, shiddah, istifāl, infitāḥ. ث: hams, rikhāwah, istifāl, infitāḥ. Compare a complete closure in tāʾ with the continuing air passage in thāʾ.