The marginal note spends considerable space on ض and ظ. They share jahr, rikhāwah, istiʿlāʾ and iṭbāq but differ in articulation point: ḍād is associated with the side of the tongue and the molars; ẓāʾ with the front of the tongue and upper teeth.
The book also attributes istiṭālah to ḍād and discusses recitational observations about their pronunciation. The pedagogical conclusion is to preserve two distinct letters rather than letting one replace the other.
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Ḍād and ẓāʾ: the source’s extended note
Letter-by-Letter Qualities and Distinguishing Features
The marginal note spends considerable space on ض and ظ. They share jahr, rikhāwah, istiʿlāʾ and iṭbāq but differ in articulation point: ḍād is associated with the side of the tongue and the molars; ẓāʾ with the front of the tongue and upper teeth.
The book also attributes istiṭālah to ḍād and discusses recitational observations about their pronunciation. The pedagogical conclusion is to preserve two distinct letters rather than letting one replace the other.