Surah Al-‘Alaq — Part 1

1. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 1

ٱقْرَأْ بِٱسْمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ ۝١
Sentence structure
ٱقْرَأْ is an imperative with understood subject ‘you’. بِٱسْمِ رَبِّكَ is a genitive phrase linked to it; ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ describes the Lord through a relative clause.

Ayah summary
Read in the name of your Lord who created.

ٱقْرَأْ — Read
Grammar: A masculine-singular imperative with understood subject أَنْتَ.

بِٱسْمِ — in the name
Grammar: بِ is a preposition; ٱسْمِ is genitive and annexed onward. This phrase is linked to «ٱقْرَأْ» through an omitted circumstantial element.

رَبِّكَ — your Lord
Grammar: A genitive complement; attached كَ is its possessive complement.

ٱلَّذِى — who
Grammar: A masculine-singular relative noun describing رَبِّكَ.

خَلَقَ — created
Grammar: A third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject.

2. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 2

خَلَقَ ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ مِنْ عَلَقٍ ۝٢
Sentence structure
خَلَقَ has an understood subject; ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ is its object and مِنْ عَلَقٍ a genitive phrase linked to the verb.

Ayah summary
Allah created the human being from a clinging substance.

خَلَقَ — He created
Grammar: A third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject.

ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ — the human
Grammar: A defined masculine accusative object of خَلَقَ.

مِنْ — from
Grammar: A preposition. This phrase is linked to «خَلَقَ».

عَلَقٍ — a clinging substance
Grammar: An indefinite masculine genitive noun after مِنْ.

3. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 3

ٱقْرَأْ وَرَبُّكَ ٱلْأَكْرَمُ ۝٣
Sentence structure
ٱقْرَأْ repeats the imperative. رَبُّكَ is a nominative subject and ٱلْأَكْرَمُ its nominative adjective; the predicate is understood.

Ayah summary
Read, for your Lord is the Most Generous.

ٱقْرَأْ — Read
Grammar: A masculine-singular imperative with understood subject.

وَرَبُّكَ — and your Lord
Grammar: وَ is resumptive; رَبُّ is nominative subject and كَ possessive. The predicate is omitted here.

ٱلْأَكْرَمُ — the Most Generous
Grammar: A defined masculine nominative elative adjective of رَبُّكَ.

4. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 4

ٱلَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِٱلْقَلَمِ ۝٤
Sentence structure
ٱلَّذِى continues the description; عَلَّمَ is its relative clause and بِٱلْقَلَمِ a genitive phrase linked to the verb.

Ayah summary
Allah taught knowledge through the pen.

ٱلَّذِى — who
Grammar: A masculine-singular relative noun continuing the description.

عَلَّمَ — taught
Grammar: A Form II third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject.

بِٱلْقَلَمِ — by the pen
Grammar: بِ is a preposition and the defined masculine noun is genitive. This phrase is linked to «عَلَّمَ».

5. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 5

عَلَّمَ ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ ۝٥
Sentence structure
عَلَّمَ takes ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ as object. Relative مَا is a further object and لَمْ يَعْلَمْ its negative relative clause.

Ayah summary
He taught the human being what he did not know.

عَلَّمَ — He taught
Grammar: A Form II perfect with understood subject.

ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ — the human
Grammar: A defined masculine accusative object.

مَا — what
Grammar: A relative noun functioning as an object; its clause follows.

لَمْ — did not
Grammar: A negative particle that jussivizes the following imperfect.

يَعْلَمْ — he knew
Grammar: A third-person masculine-singular imperfect, jussive after لَمْ, with understood subject.

6. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 6

كَلَّآ إِنَّ ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ لَيَطْغَىٰٓ ۝٦
Sentence structure
كَلَّآ is a deterrent particle. إِنَّ governs accusative ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ; emphatic لَ precedes its verbal predicate يَطْغَىٰٓ.

Ayah summary
The truth is that the human being becomes rebellious.

كَلَّآ — No indeed
Grammar: A deterrent and rebuke particle.

إِنَّ — indeed
Grammar: An accusative particle of emphasis.

ٱلْإِنسَـٰنَ — the human
Grammar: The defined masculine accusative noun of إِنَّ.

لَيَطْغَىٰٓ — surely transgresses
Grammar: لَ emphasizes; the third-person masculine-singular imperfect has understood subject.

7. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 7

أَن رَّءَاهُ ٱسْتَغْنَىٰٓ ۝٧
Sentence structure
أَن introduces the cause. رَّءَاهُ has understood subject and attached object هُ; ٱسْتَغْنَىٰٓ is its second object clause here.

Ayah summary
This happens because he considers himself self-sufficient.

أَن — because
Grammar: A subordinating particle introducing a causal clause.

رَّءَاهُ — he sees himself
Grammar: A third-person masculine-singular perfect; subject is understood and هُ is object.

ٱسْتَغْنَىٰٓ — self-sufficient
Grammar: A Form X third-person masculine-singular perfect, linked as the second object of seeing. Its subject is the hidden pronoun «هُوَ».

8. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 8

إِنَّ إِلَىٰ رَبِّكَ ٱلرُّجْعَىٰٓ ۝٨
Sentence structure
إِنَّ emphasizes the clause. إِلَىٰ رَبِّكَ is the fronted predicate and ٱلرُّجْعَىٰٓ its delayed accusative noun.

Ayah summary
Surely everyone must return to your Lord alone.

إِنَّ — indeed
Grammar: An accusative particle of emphasis.

إِلَىٰ — to
Grammar: A preposition introducing the fronted predicate phrase.

رَبِّكَ — your Lord
Grammar: A genitive noun after إِلَىٰ; كَ is possessive.

ٱلرُّجْعَىٰٓ — the return
Grammar: A defined feminine delayed noun of إِنَّ, morphologically accusative.

9. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 9

أَرَءَيْتَ ٱلَّذِى يَنْهَىٰ ۝٩
Sentence structure
Interrogative أَ precedes رَءَيْتَ. ٱلَّذِى is its object and يَنْهَىٰ the relative clause.

Ayah summary
Have you seen the person who prevents worship?

أَرَءَيْتَ — Have you seen
Grammar: أَ is interrogative; the perfect has attached subject تَ.

ٱلَّذِى — the one who
Grammar: A masculine-singular relative noun functioning as object.

يَنْهَىٰ — forbids
Grammar: A third-person masculine-singular imperfect with understood subject, forming the relative clause.

10. Surah Al-‘Alaq · Ayah 10

عَبْدًا إِذَا صَلَّىٰٓ ۝١٠
Sentence structure
عَبْدًا is the object of يَنْهَىٰ from the preceding ayah. إِذَا صَلَّىٰٓ is a temporal clause.

Ayah summary
He prevents a servant of Allah from praying.

عَبْدًا — a servant
Grammar: An indefinite masculine accusative object of preceding يَنْهَىٰ.

إِذَا — when
Grammar: A temporal adverb introducing its clause.

صَلَّىٰٓ — he prays
Grammar: A Form II third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject.