أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِعَادٍ
Sentence structure
In أَلَمْ, the hamzah asks and لَمْ negates and makes تَرَ jussive; its subject is understood أَنْتَ. The clause from كَيْفَ onward is the object of seeing; رَبُّكَ is the subject of فَعَلَ.
Ayah summary
Have you not seen what your Lord did with the people of ‘Ad?
أَلَمْ — Did not
Grammar: أَ is interrogative; لَمْ negates the past meaning and makes the following imperfect jussive.
تَرَ — you see
Grammar: A second-person masculine-singular jussive imperfect governed by لَمْ, with understood subject أَنْتَ; final yā is omitted for jussive.
كَيْفَ — how
Grammar: An interrogative adverb functioning circumstantially with فَعَلَ.
فَعَلَ — dealt
Grammar: A third-person masculine-singular perfect verb.
رَبُّكَ — your Lord
Grammar: رَبُّ is the nominative subject of فَعَلَ; attached كَ is a genitive possessor.
بِعَادٍ — with Aad
Grammar: بِ is a preposition; عَادٍ is a proper noun governed in the genitive. This phrase is linked to «فَعَلَ».