Surah Al-Infitar — Part 3

Ayahs 14–19 · word-by-word grammatical analysis Read the bilingual lesson for Surah Al-Infitar — Part 3 and test your understanding with a focused quiz.

Lesson

1. Surah Al-Infitar · Ayah 14

وَإِنَّ ٱلْفُجَّارَ لَفِى جَحِيمٍۢ Sentence structure This coordinated emphatic clause parallels the preceding one: ٱلْفُجَّارَ is the noun of إِنَّ, and لَفِى جَحِيمٍ its predicate. Ayah summary The wicked will be in Hell. وَإِنَّ — And indeed Grammar: وَ coordinates this clause with the preceding one; إِنَّ is an accusative and emphatic particle. ٱلْفُجَّارَ — the wicked Grammar: A definite accusative noun functioning as the noun of إِنَّ. لَفِى — (will be) surely in Grammar: لَ is the displaced emphatic lām and فِى a preposition; the phrase forms the predicate of إِنَّ. جَحِيمٍۢ — Hellfire Grammar: An indefinite genitive noun governed by فِى.

2. Surah Al-Infitar · Ayah 15

يَصْلَوْنَهَا يَوْمَ ٱلدِّينِ Sentence structure The verbal clause is circumstantial, describing the wicked. يَصْلَوْنَهَا has attached wāw as subject and هَا as object; يَوْمَ ٱلدِّينِ is its time expression. Ayah summary They will enter it on the Day of Recompense. يَصْلَوْنَهَا — They will burn (in) it Grammar: A third-person masculine plural imperfect of the five verbs. Attached و is the subject, final ن marks the indicative, and هَا is the object. يَوْمَ — (on the) Day Grammar: An accusative time adverb linked to يَصْلَوْنَهَا and annexed to ٱلدِّينِ. ٱلدِّينِ — (of) the Judgment Grammar: A definite genitive noun functioning as the genitive complement of يَوْمَ.

3. Surah Al-Infitar · Ayah 16

وَمَا هُمْ عَنْهَا بِغَآئِبِينَ Sentence structure The circumstantial wāw introduces a negative nominal clause. In one Hijazi grammatical reading, مَا works like لَيْسَ: هُمْ is its noun and بِغَآئِبِينَ its emphatic predicate; a non-governing analysis is also recognized. Ayah summary They will neither escape Hell nor leave it after entering. وَمَا — And not Grammar: وَ is circumstantial. مَا is negative: it works like لَيْسَ in the Hijazi analysis and is non-governing in the Tamimi analysis. هُمْ — they Grammar: A detached third-person masculine plural pronoun: the noun of مَا in the Hijazi analysis and the topic in the non-governing analysis. عَنْهَا — from it Grammar: عَنْ is a preposition and attached هَا its genitive pronoun; the phrase is linked to بِغَآئِبِينَ. بِغَآئِبِينَ — (will be) absent Grammar: بِ is an extra emphatic preposition, so the sound masculine plural active participle is genitive in form with yā. In the Hijazi analysis it is the predicate of مَا and accusative in position; in the non-governing analysis it is the predicate of هُمْ and nominative in position. The final nūn is a nominal plural ending.

4. Surah Al-Infitar · Ayah 17

وَمَآ أَدْرَىٰكَ مَا يَوْمُ ٱلدِّينِ Sentence structure The first interrogative مَا is the topic and أَدْرَىٰكَ its predicate. The inner nominal clause مَا يَوْمُ ٱلدِّينِ supplies what is made known. Ayah summary The full terror of the Day of Recompense is beyond human comprehension. وَمَآ — And what Grammar: وَ resumes the discourse; interrogative مَا functions as the topic. أَدْرَىٰكَ — can make you know Grammar: A Form IV perfect verb. Its understood subject returns to the interrogative, attached كَ is the first object, and the following question supplies the second. مَا — what Grammar: An interrogative pronoun functioning as the topic of the inner nominal clause. يَوْمُ — (is the) Day Grammar: A nominative noun functioning as the predicate of the preceding interrogative مَا; it is also annexed to ٱلدِّينِ. ٱلدِّينِ — (of) the Judgment Grammar: A definite genitive noun functioning as the genitive complement of يَوْمُ.

5. Surah Al-Infitar · Ayah 18

ثُمَّ مَآ أَدْرَىٰكَ مَا يَوْمُ ٱلدِّينِ Sentence structure ثُمَّ repeats the warning with added emphasis. Its two interrogative clauses have the same construction as the preceding ayah. Ayah summary The warning is repeated: the reality of that day cannot be fully grasped. ثُمَّ — Then Grammar: A conjunction indicating sequence with delay and adding emphasis here. مَآ — what Grammar: An interrogative pronoun functioning as the topic. أَدْرَىٰكَ — can make you know Grammar: A Form IV perfect verb with an understood subject; attached كَ is the first object and the following interrogative clause supplies the second. مَا — what Grammar: An interrogative pronoun functioning as the topic of the inner nominal clause. يَوْمُ — (is the) Day Grammar: A nominative noun functioning as the predicate of interrogative مَا and annexed to ٱلدِّينِ. ٱلدِّينِ — (of) the Judgment Grammar: A definite genitive noun functioning as the genitive complement of يَوْمُ.

6. Surah Al-Infitar · Ayah 19

يَوْمَ لَا تَمْلِكُ نَفْسٌۭ لِّنَفْسٍۢ شَيْـًۭٔا ۖ وَٱلْأَمْرُ يَوْمَئِذٍۢ لِّلَّهِ Sentence structure يَوْمَ is an accusative time noun governed by an omitted verb and annexed to the following clause; the omitted governor is left unspecified. In that clause, نَفْسٌ is the subject of تَمْلِكُ and شَيْـًٔا its object. Then ٱلْأَمْرُ is the topic, لِلَّهِ its predicate, and يَوْمَئِذٍ locates this nominal clause in time. Ayah summary On that day, no soul will help another without Allah’s permission, and all command will belong to Allah alone. يَوْمَ — (The) Day Grammar: An accusative time noun governed by an omitted verb and annexed to the following clause; the omitted governor is left unspecified. لَا — not Grammar: A non-governing negative particle. تَمْلِكُ — will have power Grammar: A third-person feminine singular imperfect verb; its explicit subject is نَفْسٌ. نَفْسٌۭ — a soul Grammar: nominative noun functioning as the subject. لِّنَفْسٍۢ — for a soul Grammar: لِ is a preposition and نَفْسٍ its genitive noun; the phrase is linked to تَمْلِكُ. شَيْـًۭٔا ۖ — anything Grammar: accusative noun functioning as the object. وَٱلْأَمْرُ — and the Command Grammar: وَ resumes the discourse; ٱلْأَمْرُ is a nominative topic. يَوْمَئِذٍۢ — that Day Grammar: An accusative time adverb locating the clause ٱلْأَمْرُ ... لِلَّهِ in that time. لِّلَّهِ — (will belong) to Allah Grammar: A prepositional phrase functioning as the predicate of ٱلْأَمْرُ.

Practice questions

Question 1

وَإِنَّ ٱلْفُجَّارَ لَفِى جَحِيمٍۢ ۝١٤ What is the role of لَفِى جَحِيمٍ?

  • Noun of inna
  • Predicate of inna
  • Object
  • Relative clause

Question 2

يَصْلَوْنَهَا يَوْمَ ٱلدِّينِ ۝١٥ What is the role of هَا in يَصْلَوْنَهَا?

  • Subject
  • Indicative marker
  • Object
  • Genitive possessor

Question 3

وَمَا هُمْ عَنْهَا بِغَآئِبِينَ ۝١٦ What does the extra emphatic بِ do in بِغَآئِبِينَ?

  • It makes the word nominative
  • It makes a verb jussive
  • It makes the word accusative
  • It makes the predicate genitive in form

Question 4

وَمَآ أَدْرَىٰكَ مَا يَوْمُ ٱلدِّينِ ۝١٧ What kind of word is the first مَا?

  • Interrogative pronoun
  • Relative pronoun
  • Negative particle
  • Conditional pronoun

Question 5

ثُمَّ مَآ أَدْرَىٰكَ مَا يَوْمُ ٱلدِّينِ ۝١٨ What does ثُمَّ do here?

  • It negates the clause
  • It coordinates and repeats the warning
  • It makes the verb jussive
  • It is a preposition

Question 6

يَوْمَ لَا تَمْلِكُ نَفْسٌۭ لِّنَفْسٍۢ شَيْـًۭٔا ۖ وَٱلْأَمْرُ يَوْمَئِذٍۢ لِّلَّهِ ۝١٩ What are the roles of نَفْسٌ and شَيْـًٔا with تَمْلِكُ?

  • Both are subjects
  • Both are objects
  • نَفْسٌ is the subject and شَيْـًٔا the object
  • نَفْسٌ is an adjective and شَيْـًٔا a predicate

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