Book: reasoning from the wording of the Qur’an.
Sunnah: reasoning from authentically established Prophetic guidance.
Ijma: reasoning from qualifying authoritative agreement.
Qiyas: extending an established ruling to a new case through a valid shared cause.
Rather than merely memorizing the names, recognize the distinct form of proof represented by each. Several kinds of evidence may be relevant to one difficult legal issue.
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Recognizing the four proofs in context
Definition, Subject and Objective of Usul al-Fiqh
Book: reasoning from the wording of the Qur’an.
Sunnah: reasoning from authentically established Prophetic guidance.
Ijma: reasoning from qualifying authoritative agreement.
Qiyas: extending an established ruling to a new case through a valid shared cause.
Rather than merely memorizing the names, recognize the distinct form of proof represented by each. Several kinds of evidence may be relevant to one difficult legal issue.