Shubhat al-fiʿl, shubhat al-maḥall, shubhat al-dalīl
Doubt attached to the act, the legal subject or entitlement, and the supporting evidence.
Doubt concerning the act: A belief about permissibility that the relevant doctrine treats as legally significant.
Doubt concerning the subject: Ambiguity about an entitlement or the legal status of the person or thing involved.
Doubt arising from evidence: A textual basis that gives rise to a legally significant appearance of permissibility.
In the historical law of fixed penalties, these distinctions show why every mistaken impression is not the same as a recognized legal doubt. Its source and consequence must be analyzed independently.