العبد كاسب، والله تعالى خالق
The servant acquires the act, while God creates it.
A person's real agency, intention, and granted capacity ground accountability; the act's existence does not escape divine creation or will. The discussion therefore rejects both absolute compulsion and independent human creative sovereignty.
Its central distinctions are voluntary versus involuntary movement, creation versus acquisition, foreknowledge versus coercion, two powers relating in distinct respects, and the occurrence of an act versus divine approval of it. Confusing any of these weakens the argument.
The next subject, istiṭāʿah, examines the nature of a person's capacity for action and its precise relation to the performance of the act.