Lessonsal-Ḥārith ibn Ḥillizah: Covenant, Tribal Liability and Royal Testimony — Conclusion (verses 68–82)Quiz

In annanā wa-iyyākum ... sawāʾ, anna adds emphasis and sawāʾ supplies the idea of equal standing. In ghadartum introduces a condition whose response appears in fa-innā ... burāʾ.

Laysa minnā negates membership. In lam tarjiʿ, lam gives a negated past sense with a jussive imperfect. Lā raʾfah wa-lā ibqāʾ negates two nouns in parallel, sharpening the harsh martial picture.

ConstructionFunctionIn ... fa-innāCondition and responseLam tarjiʿNegation of a past eventLā ... wa-lāEmphatic parallel denial

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Grammar: inna, conditions and negation

al-Ḥārith ibn Ḥillizah: Covenant, Tribal Liability and Royal Testimony — Conclusion (verses 68–82)

In annanā wa-iyyākum ... sawāʾ, anna adds emphasis and sawāʾ supplies the idea of equal standing. In ghadartum introduces a condition whose response appears in fa-innā ... burāʾ.

Laysa minnā negates membership. In lam tarjiʿ, lam gives a negated past sense with a jussive imperfect. Lā raʾfah wa-lā ibqāʾ negates two nouns in parallel, sharpening the harsh martial picture.

ConstructionFunctionIn ... fa-innāCondition and responseLam tarjiʿNegation of a past eventLā ... wa-lāEmphatic parallel denial