A sound analysis of rational figurative predication distinguishes the grammatical attribution from what properly bears the action or quality. When these differ, a justified indication is needed to establish the nonliteral reading.
Main principles:
1. An indication may be verbal or conceptual.
2. It may be obvious or subtle.
3. Causal and temporal relations are not synonymous with indications.
4. Metaphor by implication emphasizes the imagined comparison within the expression.
5. Interpretation must respect convention and context.
The next lesson begins **أحوال المسند إليه** (states of the subject), including the rhetorical purposes of mentioning or omitting the subject.