LessonsMuzāwajah, ʿAks, Rujūʿ, Tawriyah and IstikhdāmQuiz

A pronoun may be grammatically coreferential with the earlier expression while its intended semantic content differs. This distinction is the foundation of istikhdām.

ExampleFirst senseSecond sense
al-samāʾ / raʿaynāhuRainThe resulting pasture
al-ghaḍā / al-sākinīhi / shabbūhuInhabited placeWood/fire

Each reading must follow an established lexical or figurative link. Assigning unrelated invented senses to every pronoun would not be a sound analysis.

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Grammatical co-reference versus semantic shift

Muzāwajah, ʿAks, Rujūʿ, Tawriyah and Istikhdām

A pronoun may be grammatically coreferential with the earlier expression while its intended semantic content differs. This distinction is the foundation of istikhdām.

ExampleFirst senseSecond sense
al-samāʾ / raʿaynāhuRainThe resulting pasture
al-ghaḍā / al-sākinīhi / shabbūhuInhabited placeWood/fire

Each reading must follow an established lexical or figurative link. Assigning unrelated invented senses to every pronoun would not be a sound analysis.