Use a consistent procedure for any new example:
1. Identify prose or verse and its boundaries.
2. Mark the end of the prose unit or the second hemistich.
3. Find the earlier partner and locate it.
4. Classify the relation: repetition, jinās, derivation or quasi-derivation.
5. Explain each meaning and what the echo contributes.
Worked case: istaghfirū/ghaffārā—opening and closure with genuine derivation, strengthening the hope attached to seeking forgiveness.
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Radd al-ʿAjz ʿalā al-Ṣadr: Repetition, Paronomasia and Derivation in Prose and Poetry
Use a consistent procedure for any new example:
1. Identify prose or verse and its boundaries.
2. Mark the end of the prose unit or the second hemistich.
3. Find the earlier partner and locate it.
4. Classify the relation: repetition, jinās, derivation or quasi-derivation.
5. Explain each meaning and what the echo contributes.
Worked case: istaghfirū/ghaffārā—opening and closure with genuine derivation, strengthening the hope attached to seeking forgiveness.