Four pathways of literary adaptation

Research Practicum: Evidence, Context and Adjudicating Similar Rhetorical Figures

ProcedureSourceNew setting
IqtibāsQurʾanic or Prophetic wordingLiterary prose or verse
TaḍmīnAnother poet’s wordingOne’s own poem
ʿAqdA prose statementVerse
ḤallPoetic versePolished prose

Sound identification also asks what wording was altered and how appropriately the borrowed material fits its new context.