Restoring Declension: Indefinite Names, Al- and Iḍāfah

Read-only question overview. Answers and scoring remain inside authenticated learner attempts.

• What does “إِذَا نُكِّرَ صُرِفَ” teach in this passage?
• Why is the second ʿUmar in «جَاءَ عُمَرُ وَعُمَرٌ آخَرُ» nunated?
• Why does the author’s first group become fully declinable?
• What does the text say about the second group?
• Which form is diptote as the name of a specific person?
• Why does آخَرُ lack tanwīn in «طَلْحَةٌ آخَرُ»?
• What is the grammatical role of طَلْحَةُ in «جَاءَنِي طَلْحَةُ»?
• What is the role of the second عُمَرٌ?
• In «مَرَرْتُ بِأَحْمَدَ», what does the final fatḥah mark?
• Why is there kasrah on Aḥmad in «مَرَرْتُ بِأَحْمَدِكُمْ»?
• What is the role of كُمْ in «بِأَحْمَدِكُمْ»?
• Why is masājid marked with kasrah in «بِالْمَسَاجِدِ»?
• What is مَسَاجِدِ in the phrase «بِمَسَاجِدِ الْمَدِينَةِ»?
• Why is there no tanwīn on الْمَسَاجِدِ?
• Why does the first noun in «مَسَاجِدِ الْمَدِينَةِ» lack tanwīn?
• What distinguishes the two occurrences of أَحْمَدَ?
• What changes among the three forms?
• What case does the fatḥah on آخَرَ mark?
• Why do indefinite ʿUmar and masājid behave differently?
• Which rule does the author state for a diptote taking al-?
• Which conclusion does absence of tanwīn NOT necessarily establish?
• Which is the correct parsing sequence?
• What does the first طَلْحَةُ show?
• What is the grammatical function of الْمَسَاجِدِ?
• In which situation will Aḥmad take genitive kasrah?
• Which absence matters in «مَرَرْتُ بِمَسَاجِدَ»?
• Every diptote automatically becomes fully declinable when indefinite.
• The tanwīn on عُمَرٌ in «عُمَرٌ آخَرُ» reflects its indefinite use.
• Because Ṭalḥah is triptote in «طَلْحَةٌ آخَرُ», آخَرُ must also take tanwīn.
• In «بِأَحْمَدِكُمْ», Aḥmad is both genitive and the first member of iḍāfah.
• Because الْمَسَاجِدِ has genitive kasrah, it must also take tanwīn.
• In «مَرَرْتُ بِأَحْمَدَ», the noun is genitive despite its final fatḥah.
• In «مَسَاجِدِ الْمَدِينَةِ», الْمَدِينَةِ is the muḍāf ilayh.
• Proper-name status alone makes every name a diptote.
• The fatḥah in «رَأَيْتُ أَحْمَدَ» and «مَرَرْتُ بِأَحْمَدَ» marks the same case.
• The book says a diptote with al- or iḍāfah receives genitive kasrah.