ذ: jahr, rikhāwah, istifāl, infitāḥ—without dāl’s complete stop. ر: jahr, intermediate flow, low tongue and openness; the book notes its repetition tendency and contextual heavy/light pronunciation, not an instruction to roll it repeatedly.
ز: voiced fricative with ṣafīr. س: breathy fricative with ṣafīr. Their whistle-like effect is shared, but the breath/voice contrast matters.
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Chart entries 9–12: dhāl, rāʾ, zāy, sīn
Letter-by-Letter Qualities and Distinguishing Features
ذ: jahr, rikhāwah, istifāl, infitāḥ—without dāl’s complete stop. ر: jahr, intermediate flow, low tongue and openness; the book notes its repetition tendency and contextual heavy/light pronunciation, not an instruction to roll it repeatedly.
ز: voiced fricative with ṣafīr. س: breathy fricative with ṣafīr. Their whistle-like effect is shared, but the breath/voice contrast matters.