ش has hams, rikhāwah, istifāl, infitāḥ and tafashshī (spreading of sound). ص is breathy but elevated, emphatic and whistling, not simply a heavier written sīn.
ض has jahr, rikhāwah, istiʿlāʾ, iṭbāq and istiṭālah; its articulation needs special training. ط combines jahr, shiddah, istiʿlāʾ, iṭbāq and qalqalah. Do not merge any of these four distinct consonants.
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Chart entries 13–16: shīn, ṣād, ḍād, ṭāʾ
Letter-by-Letter Qualities and Distinguishing Features
ش has hams, rikhāwah, istifāl, infitāḥ and tafashshī (spreading of sound). ص is breathy but elevated, emphatic and whistling, not simply a heavier written sīn.
ض has jahr, rikhāwah, istiʿlāʾ, iṭbāq and istiṭālah; its articulation needs special training. ط combines jahr, shiddah, istiʿlāʾ, iṭbāq and qalqalah. Do not merge any of these four distinct consonants.