عَلِمَتْ نَفْسٌۭ مَّا قَدَّمَتْ وَأَخَّرَتْ
Sentence structure
This clause answers the preceding conditions. عَلِمَتْ is the verb, نَفْسٌ its subject, and relative مَا its object; قَدَّمَتْ وَأَخَّرَتْ is the relative clause, with the returning object omitted after both verbs.
Ayah summary
Every soul will know its deeds, its omissions, and the effects it left behind.
عَلِمَتْ — Will know
Grammar: A feminine singular perfect active verb answering the preceding conditions; نَفْسٌ is its subject.
نَفْسٌۭ — a soul
Grammar: nominative noun functioning as the subject.
مَّا — what
Grammar: A relative pronoun in the object position of عَلِمَتْ.
قَدَّمَتْ — it has sent forth
Grammar: A Form II feminine singular perfect verb; its understood subject refers to نَفْسٌ, and the clause is the relative clause of مَا.
وَأَخَّرَتْ — and left behind
Grammar: وَ coordinates a second Form II perfect verb; its understood subject again refers to the soul.