ExpressionConstructionFunctionidhhabī / iʿlamīfeminine singular commandsaddressing the attendantlam aḥimnegation + jussivedenies retreatmā ziltuincomplete/auxiliary verbcontinuitylaw kānacounterfactual conditionimagined horse speechin yafʿalācondition + dualtwo adversaries
Law posits an unreal situation (“if the horse knew speech”), whereas the final in introduces a possible action of the two adversaries. Distinguishing them prevents a grammatical and interpretive error.
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ʿAntarah ibn Shaddād: Love, Ingratitude, the Wounded Horse and Final Boast (verses 57–75)
ExpressionConstructionFunctionidhhabī / iʿlamīfeminine singular commandsaddressing the attendantlam aḥimnegation + jussivedenies retreatmā ziltuincomplete/auxiliary verbcontinuitylaw kānacounterfactual conditionimagined horse speechin yafʿalācondition + dualtwo adversaries
Law posits an unreal situation (“if the horse knew speech”), whereas the final in introduces a possible action of the two adversaries. Distinguishing them prevents a grammatical and interpretive error.