Error 1: Every noun metaphor must be original. Not so: derivatives and qualitative forms require closer analysis, and original metaphor is linked to generic-noun status, literally or by interpretation.
Error 2: A borrowed verb transfers only its written letters. The dependent account considers the prior action-meaning or relation.
Error 3: A result marked by the lām of consequence becomes the agent's literal intention. The real distinction survives; the rhetoric merely presents one relation through the other.
Error 4: Every nonliteral expression is a metaphor. Metonymy, allusion, and other devices must be distinguished by their own criteria.