Al-Mustathnā: Connected and Disconnected Exceptions, Four Case Rules

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• What is the role of al-qawmu in «جَاءَ الْقَوْمُ إِلَّا زَيْدًا»?
• Why is Zaydan accusative in this sentence?
• What kind of exception is «جَاءَنِي الْقَوْمُ إِلَّا حِمَارًا»?
• Which expression marks exclusion in the example?
• What is meant by an affirmative (mūjab) clause?
• How is the preposed Zaydan analysed in this source example?
• Which expression is the subject in the preposed-exception example?
• What explains the accusative after khalā on the verbal analysis?
• What is the case of Zaydan after mā khalā?
• Why is Zaydan accusative after laysa in the source’s exception pattern?
• What is the role of Zaydun in «مَا جَاءَنِي أَحَدٌ إِلَّا زَيْدٌ»?
• How is Zaydan parsed in this second variant?
• In which situation does the book allow both accusative and badal?
• Why is Zaydun nominative in «مَا جَاءَنِي إِلَّا زَيْدٌ»?
• What governs the accusative of Zaydan in this mufarragh clause?
• What makes Zaydin genitive in this sentence?
• What marks a mufarragh exception?
• What is the difference between these two nominative Zaydun patterns?
• What is the role of ghayra in this affirmative example?
• Why is Zaydin genitive after ghayra?
• Why can ghayru be nominative in this sentence?
• What is ghayra in the added example «مَا رَأَيْتُ غَيْرَ زَيْدٍ»?
• In the genitive analysis of ḥāshā Zaydin, how is Zaydin parsed?
• Why can the endings differ in khalā Zaydan and ḥāshā Zaydin?
• What key syntactic difference separates ghayr from illā?
• Which sentence contains a disconnected exception?
• In which expression is Zaydun the subject, not badal?
• What is the case of Zaydin in siwā Zaydin?
• Which parsing claim correctly identifies the relevant governor?
• How many broad exception case patterns does the source enumerate?
• What does negation permit here, given an explicit exception base?
• Zaydun is badal of which word?
• In the affirmative source example, did Zayd arrive along with the group?
• In the mufarragh example, what does illā primarily express?
• What is the normal syntactic relation of Zayd following ghayr?
• Where is the exception base absent?
• Which case appears on ḥimāran in the book’s disconnected example?
• What must be distinguished in analyses of khalā and mā khalā?
• A connected exception refers to an item that can belong to the category or group.
• The donkey example is connected just because illā appears.
• A complete negative exception can allow Zaydan and Zaydun with different syntactic analyses.
• In «mā jāʾa illā Zaydun», Zaydun must be badal.
• In «mā raʾaytu illā Zaydan», the verb raʾaytu governs the accusative.
• Illā directly gives the genitive case in «mā marartu illā bi-Zaydin».
• In «ghayra Zaydin», ghayr and Zayd need not have the same case.
• If ghayru is nominative in the badal pattern, Zayd must also be nominative.